Present Perfect Tense

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

Kalimat dalam bentuk present perfect tense digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian atau kegiatan yang dilakukan pada waktu yang telah lalu (hampir sama dengan simple past tense, tetapi ada perbedaan yang sangat prinsipil, untuk itu harap diperhatikan perbedaanya yang akan dijelaskan kemudian).

A. Present Perfect Tense (Positive)
Adapun bentuk pola present perfect tense yang positive adalah sebagai berikut :

Subject + have+ V3 + O + AOP/AOT
Subject + has +V3 + O + AOP/AOT

B. Present Perfect Tense (Negative)
Adapun bentuk pola present perfect tense yang negative adalah sebagai berikut :

Subject + have not + V3 + O + AOP/AOT
Subject + has not + V3 + O + AOP/AOT

C. Present Perfect Tense (Interrogative)
Adapun bentuk pola present perfect tense yang interrogative adalah sebagai berikut:

Have + Subject + V3 + O + AOP/AOT?
Has + Subject + V3 + O + AOP/AOT?


D. Penggunaan Kalimat Present Perfect Tense
Kalimat dalam bentuk Present Perfect Tense, digunakan untuk :
1. Menyatakan suatu kejadian atau perbuatan yang telah selesai dilakukan pada waktu yang lalu tanpa ketetapan waktu yang pasti (entah kapan) tetapi terasa ada hasilnya, biasanya menggunakan keterangan already, just, atau yet.
Contoh :
 I have already seen that film. (Saya sudah menonton film itu).
Kalimat ini berarti bahwa saya sudah menonton film itu di waktu yang lalu, entah kapan, dan ada hasilnya, yaitu saya dapat menceritakan isi film itu.
 I have had my lunch. (Saya sudah makan siang).
 He has typed the letter. (Dia sudah mengetik surat).

2. Menyatakan suatu kejadian atau perbuatan yang terjadi di waktu lampau dan masih berlangsung sampai saat berbicara.
Contoh :
 I have lived in Bandung since 1990. (Saya telah tinggal di Bandung sejak 1990).

Kalimat ini berarti bahwa saya sudah tinggal di Bandung sejak tahun 1990 dan sampai saat saya berbicara, saya masih tinggal di Bandung.
 I have worked there for a long time. (Saya sudah bekerja di kantor itu sejak lama).
 We have ever visited your house. (Kami sudah pernah berkunjung ke rumahmu).

Perbedaan yang sangat prinsipil antara Simple Present Perfect dengan Simple Past Tense yang perlu diketahui adalah :
Dalam Present Perfect Tense, lebih ditekankan pada “kejadian atau perbuatan” yang dilakukan, sedangkan dalam Simple Past Tense, lebih ditekankan pada “waktu” kejadian di masa yang lampau.
Perhatikan dengan cermat dan bandingkan kalimat di bawah ini:
 I have seen that film.(Penekanan pada perbuatan : have seen).
 I saw that film yesterday.( Penekanan pada waktu : yesterday).

Jadi, apabila kita ingin menyatakan suatu kejadian atau perbuatan di masa lampau tanpa menyebutkan keterangan waktunya, sebaiknya gunakanlah bentuk Present Perfect Tense.

Present Perfect Tense dalam Bentuk Kalimat Nominal

Dalam kalimat nominal, Present Perfect Tense dibentuk dengan menggunakan “been” sebagai to be, yang diikuti oleh kata benda, kata sifat atau keterangan. Perhatikan dan bandingkan dengan penggunaan “be” pada Future Tense.
Contoh :
 I have been bussy for two weeks. (Saya telah sibuk selama dua minggu).
 We have been in Jakarta since 1989. (Kami sudah berada di Jakarta sejak tahun 1989).

Kalimat menyangkal (negative) dibuat dengan cara menambahkan kata “NOT” setelah “have/has”, sedangkan kalimat tanya (interrogative) disusun dengan menempatkan “have/has” pada awal kalimat.
Contoh :
 I have not been bussy for two weeks.
 We have not been in Jakarta since 1989. Negative


 Have you been bussy for two weeks?
 Have we been in Jakarta since 1989? Interrogative

Catatan : Have not dapat disingkat menjadi haven’t, sedangkan has not dapat disingkat menjadi hasn’t.












Keterangan :
Keterangan waktu yang umumnya digunakan dalam Present Perfect Tense adalah sebagai berikut:
 Already : Sudah/sudah selesai
 For : Selamanya
 Since : Sejak
 Just now : Baru saja
 Lately : Akhir-akhir ini
 Never : Tidak pernah
 Nowadays : Sekarang ini
 Recently : Baru-baru ini
 Yet : Masih
 Many times : Seringkali
 Repeatedly : Berulangkali

Example :
1. [+] I have eaten.
[-] I haven’t eaten.
[?] Have you eaten?
2. [+] We have sung Indonesia Raya together.
[-] We haven’t sung Indonesia Raya together.
[?] Have we sung Indonesia Raya together?
3. [+] We have killed the bear in the forest.
[-] We haven’t killed the bear in the forest.
[?] Have we killed the bear in the forest?
4. [+] She has seduced me twice.
[-] She hasn’t seduced me twice.
[?] Has she seduced me twice?
5. [+] He has just spoken to them.
[-] He hasn’t just spoken to them.
[?] Has he just spoken to them?
6. [+] I have already seen the film.
[-] I haven’t already seen the film.
[?] Have you already seen the film?
7. [+] Andri has been bussy since yesterday.
[-] Andri hasn’t been bussy since yesterday.
[?] Has Andri been bussy since yesterday?
8. [+] He has been a teacher for five years.
[-] He hasn’t been a teacher for five years.
[?] Has he been a teacher for five years?
9. [+] You have visited Taman Impian Jaya Ancol.
[-] You haven’t visited Taman Impian Jaya Ancol.
[?] Have you visited Taman Impian Jaya Ancol?
10. [+] Santi has finished home work.
[-] Santi hasn’t finished home work.
[?] Has Santi finished home work?
11. [+] They have taken a ball.
[-] They haven’t taken a ball.
[?] Have they taken a ball?
12. [+] She has sung the pop song.
[-] She hasn’t sung the pop song.
[?] Has she sung the pop song?
13. [+] Ali has spoken to them.
[-] Ali hasn’t spoken to them.
[?] Has Ali spoken to them?
14. [+] Mr. Aam has loved Mrs. Yuli.
[-] Mr. Aam hasn’t loved Mrs. Yuli.
[?] Has Mr. Aam loved Mrs. Yuli?
15. [+] Teacher has taught in class.
[-] Teacher hasn’t taught in class.
[?] Has teacher taught in class?

16. [+] I have written a letter.
[-] I haven’t written a letter.
[?] Have you written a letter?
17. [+] They have moved into a new apartement.
[-] They haven’t moved into a new apartement.
[?] Have they moved into a new apartement?
18. [+] Dude has lived in London since last year.
[-] Dude hasn’t lived in London since last year.
[?] Has Dude lived in London since last year?
19. [+] She has just opened her book.
[-] She hasn’t just opened her book.
[?] Has she just opened her book?
20. [+] I have never seen snow.
[-] I haven’t never seen snow.
[?] Have you never seen snow?
21. [+] Susan has moved into a new something.
[-] Susan hasn’t moved into a new something.
[?] Has Susan moved into a new something?
22. [+] We have ever visited Mexico.
[-] We haven’t ever visited Mexico.
[?] Have we ever visited Mexico?
23. [+] The teacher has taught us twice.
[-] The teacher hasn’t taught us twice.
[?] Has the teacher taught us twice?
24. [+] He has sent the letter yet.
[-] He hasn’t sent the letter yet.
[?] Has he sent the letter yet?
25. [+] She has eaten when Rina come in.
[-] She hasn’t eaten when Rina come in.
[?] Has she eaten when Rina come in?
26. [+] You have kept the documents yet.
[-] You haven’t kept the documents yet.
[?] Have you kept the documents yet?
27. [+] Heri has gone to school recently.
[-] Heri hasn’t gone to school recently.
[?] Has Heri gone to school recently?
28. [+] Rama and Sinta have invited us.
[-] Rama and Sinta haven’t invited us.
[?] Have Rama and Sinta invited us?
29. [+] They have gone to Bandung.
[-] They haven’t gone to Bandung.
[?] Have they gone to Bandung?
30. [+] She has had breakfast already.
[-] She hasn’t had breakfast already.
[?] Has she had breakfast already?